The Buriganga River, once the lifeline of Dhaka, is now a symbol of pollution and environmental degradation. Flowing through the heart of Bangladesh’s capital, this historic river has suffered decades of neglect, unchecked industrial waste disposal, and encroachments. Historically, it has been a lifeline for trade and transport, significantly contributing to the socio-economic development of the region. However, this river, which once symbolized the vibrancy of the nation, now stands as one of the most polluted rivers in the world. Rapid urbanization and industrialization have taken a heavy toll on the river’s health. The severe pollution in the Buriganga River results from multiple anthropogenic factors. Among these, industrial waste, untreated sewage, and solid waste are the primary contributors.
The Buriganga has been heavily polluted due to industrial effluents, household waste, and sewage dumping. Dhaka’s industrial zones are home to thousands of manufacturing units, including textile factories, tanneries, dyeing units, and chemical plants. These industries release large amounts of untreated effluents containing high levels of chromium, lead, other toxic metals, and organic pollutants directly into the river. The tannery industry in Hazaribagh was a notorious contributor, discharging chromium and other harmful substances before being relocated to Savar. Despite the relocation, waste management systems have remained inadequate, continuing to impact water quality.
Dhaka, one of the most densely populated cities in the world, generates massive amounts of household waste daily. A significant portion of this waste finds its way into the Buriganga River due to inadequate waste disposal systems. Slums and informal settlements along the riverbanks often lack proper sanitation facilities, leading to the direct dumping of human waste and garbage into the water. The lack of a comprehensive sewage treatment infrastructure exacerbates water pollution. Most of the city’s sewage is dumped into the river untreated, adding to the organic pollution load. This high level of organic matter in the water depletes oxygen, creating a hostile environment for aquatic organisms. Boat and ship traffic also contribute to pollution through oil spills, garbage dumping, and leakage of fuel and lubricants.
Industrial waste management practices in Bangladesh are often inadequate; contributing to the escalating crisis in the Buriganga River. One of the primary challenges is the insufficient number of effluent treatment plants (ETPs). Many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) either lack access to ETPs or choose not to operate them due to cost constraints. Consequently, untreated waste is directly discharged into the river.
Although there are laws and guidelines, such as the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act in 1995, enforcement remains weak. Corruption, lack of resources, and insufficient monitoring prevent effective implementation of environmental regulations.
The extensive pollution of the Buriganga has far-reaching environmental consequences, affecting aquatic life, water quality, and human health. The consumption of contaminated water from the Buriganga poses severe health risks. Residents living near the river often suffer from waterborne diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, and cholera. Heavy metals and toxic chemicals in the water can cause long-term health issues, including cancer, neurological disorders, and developmental problems in children. The river’s biodiversity has been significantly affected. High levels of industrial pollutants and organic waste have led to oxygen depletion, making it nearly impossible for many aquatic species to survive. The toxicity of industrial effluents also affects plankton and other microorganisms critical to the food chain.
The Buriganga’s water is heavily contaminated with pathogens and toxic chemicals. It is no longer safe for domestic use, agricultural irrigation, or recreational activities. The presence of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and chromium poses long-term risks to both the environment and human health. Polluted river water used for irrigation leads to the accumulation of harmful substances in the soil, reducing fertility and affecting crop quality. The absorption of heavy metals by plants can enter the food chain, posing risks to consumers. Pollution in the Buriganga River has economic ramifications. The fishing industry, once a major source of livelihood, has been severely impacted.
Recognizing the gravity of the situation, various governmental and non-governmental organizations have taken steps to address the pollution of the Buriganga River. However, the success of these efforts has been mixed, with significant challenges remaining. The Bangladesh government has implemented several policies and laws to combat pollution, including the Environmental Conservation Act of 1995. However, weak enforcement and corruption have undermined the effectiveness of these regulations. Stronger enforcement of existing environmental laws and introducing stricter penalties for non-compliance are essential steps. Regular monitoring and transparent reporting of industrial discharge can ensure accountability. Stronger enforcement mechanisms and accountability are needed to ensure compliance with environmental laws.
The relocation of tanneries from Hazaribagh to Savar was one of the most significant initiatives to reduce industrial pollution. However, the new tannery estate has faced criticism for its insufficient waste treatment facilities, limiting the effectiveness of this move. Investment in both individual and common effluent treatment plants is crucial. Subsidies or incentives for industries to adopt cleaner production technologies can encourage compliance. Proper maintenance and operation of CETPs in industrial clusters like Savar are vital. Developing specialized hazardous waste treatment facilities and promoting responsible waste disposal practices can mitigate the impact of toxic pollutants. Efforts to improve waste management systems in Dhaka have been undertaken, including projects to enhance solid waste collection and disposal. However, these initiatives have not been comprehensive or widespread enough to significantly impact pollution levels in the river.
Public awareness campaigns aimed at educating people about the dangers of river pollution have been launched. These campaigns encourage citizens to adopt more environmentally friendly waste disposal practices and advocate for stricter enforcement of environmental regulations. Implementing sustainable riverfront development and land-use zoning can prevent further encroachment and pollution. Green buffers and designated industrial zones with strict pollution controls can help protect the river ecosystem.
Saving the Buriganga is not an impossible task, but it requires urgent and collective action. The government, industries, and citizens must work together to restore this once- magnificent river. If immediate steps are taken, the Buriganga can still be revived, ensuring a cleaner and healthier future for Dhaka and its residents.The consequences of this degradation are far-reaching, affecting aquatic life, human health, and the overall environment. Addressing the pollution crisis requires collective action from the government, industries, communities, and individuals. With the right policies, investments, and public engagement, it is possible to restore the Buriganga to its former glory and ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.
ATIFA ANJUMAN Is A Broadcast Journalist and News Presenter Of Independent Television.
